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Evaluation of Demographics and Social Life Events of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in North American Zoos

Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A ; Bonaparte-Saller, Mary K ; Malloy, Elizabeth J ; Meehan, Cheryl L ; Mench, Joy A ; Carlstead, Kathy ; Brown, Janine L Ryan, Sadie Jane

PloS one, 2016-07, Vol.11 (7), p.e0154750-e0154750 [Periódico revisado por pares]

United States: Public Library of Science

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  • Título:
    Evaluation of Demographics and Social Life Events of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in North American Zoos
  • Autor: Prado-Oviedo, Natalia A ; Bonaparte-Saller, Mary K ; Malloy, Elizabeth J ; Meehan, Cheryl L ; Mench, Joy A ; Carlstead, Kathy ; Brown, Janine L
  • Ryan, Sadie Jane
  • Assuntos: African elephant ; Age ; Age Factors ; Animal behavior ; Animal reproduction ; Animal sciences ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Aquariums ; Asiatic elephant ; Behavior ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Child development ; Conservation biology ; Demographics ; Demography ; Elephantidae ; Elephants ; Elephas maximus ; Exposure ; Fatalities ; Female ; Females ; Loxodonta africana ; Male ; Males ; North America ; Offspring ; People and Places ; Physiology ; Population ; Reproduction - physiology ; Senescence ; Sex differences ; Sex Factors ; Social aspects ; Social Environment ; Social Sciences ; Zoo animals ; Zoology ; Zoos
  • É parte de: PloS one, 2016-07, Vol.11 (7), p.e0154750-e0154750
  • Notas: ObjectType-Article-1
    SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
    ObjectType-Feature-2
    content type line 23
    Competing Interests: JM is involved in the Animal Research Advisory Group at PLOS ONE. JLB and NP-O are employed by Smithsonian National Zoological Park (an AZA-accredited zoo). KC was employed by the Honolulu Zoo (an AZA-accredited zoo) at the time of the study. CM is employed by AWARE Institute. AWARE Institute is a commercial entity founded by CM in 2014 and provides animal welfare assessment, research and education services to zoos and aquariums. These interests do not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
    Conceived and designed the experiments: JLB KC NPO MBS CLM EJM JM. Performed the experiments: NPO EJM MBS. Analyzed the data: NPO EJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JLB KC. Wrote the paper: NPO EJM JLB JM CLM KC MBS.
  • Descrição: This study quantified social life events hypothesized to affect the welfare of zoo African and Asian elephants, focusing on animals that were part of a large multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional elephant welfare study in North America. Age was calculated based on recorded birth dates and an age-based account of life event data for each elephant was compiled. These event histories included facility transfers, births and deaths of offspring, and births and deaths of non-offspring herd mates. Each event was evaluated as a total number of events per elephant, lifetime rate of event exposure, and age at first event exposure. These were then compared across three categories: species (African vs. Asian); sex (male vs. female); and origin (imported vs. captive-born). Mean age distributions differed (p<0.05) between the categories: African elephants were 6 years younger than Asian elephants, males were 12 years younger than females, and captive-born elephants were 20 years younger than imported elephants. Overall, the number of transfers ranged from 0 to 10, with a 33% higher age-adjusted transfer rate for imported African than imported Asian elephants, and 37% lower rate for imported females than males (p<0.05). Other differences (p<0.05) included a 96% higher rate of offspring births for captive-born females than those imported from range countries, a 159% higher rate of birthing event exposures for captive-born males than for their imported counterparts, and Asian elephant females being 4 years younger than African females when they produced their first calf. In summarizing demographic and social life events of elephants in North American zoos, we found both qualitative and quantitative differences in the early lives of imported versus captive-born elephants that could have long-term welfare implications.
  • Editor: United States: Public Library of Science
  • Idioma: Inglês
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  • Realização: ABCD-USP USP   Logos de Redes Sociais: Freepik

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