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Photodegradation of cytostatic drugs by g-C3N4: Synthesis, properties and performance fitted by selecting the appropriate precursor

Pérez-Molina, Álvaro ; Pastrana-Martínez, Luisa M. ; Morales-Torres, Sergio ; Maldonado-Hódar, Francisco J.

Catalysis today, 2023-06, Vol.418, p.114068, Article 114068 [Periódico revisado por pares]

Elsevier B.V

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  • Título:
    Photodegradation of cytostatic drugs by g-C3N4: Synthesis, properties and performance fitted by selecting the appropriate precursor
  • Autor: Pérez-Molina, Álvaro ; Pastrana-Martínez, Luisa M. ; Morales-Torres, Sergio ; Maldonado-Hódar, Francisco J.
  • Assuntos: 5-fluorouracil ; Carbon nitride ; Chemical structure ; Cyclophosphamide ; Photocatalysis ; Precursors
  • É parte de: Catalysis today, 2023-06, Vol.418, p.114068, Article 114068
  • Descrição: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was synthetized by a one-step thermal method from different N-rich precursors, namely melamine, dicyandiamide, urea, thiourea and cyanamide. The structure, optical and physicochemical properties of g-C3N4 materials were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy, among others. Both melamine and dicyandiamide provided a less porous structure composed by large flake sheets, whereas urea and thiourea favoured g-C3N4 composed by small flat sheets and wrinkles with a larger porosity. The establishment of more condensed g-C3N4 networks with a reduced band gap was also evidenced for melamine and dicyandiamide precursors, while urea favoured less condensed melem or melon structures. The photoactivity of the different g-C3N4 was assessed for the removal of an aqueous solution containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cyclophosphamide (CP) or a mixture of both cytostatic drugs, under near UV-Vis and solar-LED irradiations. The best performing photocatalysts under near UV-Vis irradiation, were those prepared from melamine (kapp = 14.6 × 10–2 min–1 for 5-FU) and thiourea (kapp = 2.5 × 10–2 min–1 for CP), while urea was the most active under solar-LED irradiation (kapp = 0.183 × 10–2 min–1 for 5-FU). In addition, CP was more resistant to be degraded than 5-FU, and a competitive effect for the generated hydroxyl radicals was evidenced when both pollutant molecules were in the same solution. The photoactivity of g-C3N4 materials was justified by the combination of various effects: (i) surface area, (ii) well-connected and condensed g-C3N4 structures and (iii) high surface C/N ratios with nitrogen vacancies. [Display omitted] •Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared from different N-rich precursors.•Melamine and dicyandiamide promoted well-connected and condensed g-C3N4 networks.•Urea and thiourea favoured melem and/or melon structures with a higher band gap.•Cyclophosphamide was more resistant to photodegradation than 5-fluorouracil on C3N4.•A competitive effect by the hydroxyl radicals was observed by both pollutants.
  • Editor: Elsevier B.V
  • Idioma: Inglês
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