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How variable are Birkeland currents?
Burchill, Johnathan K.
Earth, planets, and
space
, 2023-12, Vol.75 (1), p.116-8, Article 116
[Peer Reviewed Journal]
Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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Title:
How variable are Birkeland currents?
Author:
Burchill, Johnathan K.
Subjects:
2. Aeronomy
;
Analysis
;
Auroral zone
;
Auroral zones
;
Auroras
;
Birkeland currents
;
Current density
;
Derivatives
;
Earth and Environmental Science
;
Earth Sciences
;
Electric current density
;
Electric currents
;
Environmental aspects
;
Express Letter
;
Geology
;
Geophysics/Geodesy
;
Interpolation
;
Ionosphere
;
Latitude
;
Lower bounds
;
Magnetic field
;
Magnetic fields
;
Mathematical analysis
;
Satellite tracking
;
Satellites
;
Southern Hemisphere
;
Space
and
time
;
Space
-
time
series
;
Swarm
Is Part Of:
Earth, planets, and
space
, 2023-12, Vol.75 (1), p.116-8, Article 116
Description:
I address the problem of estimating the time-rate-of-change of high-latitude Birkeland currents by using a string-of-pearls formation of satellites. Space series are calculated by linear interpolation of measurements made at the revisit times of the satellites. A lower bound on the total time derivative can be estimated as a function of distance along the orbit. Space series of the vertical component of electric current density, used as a proxy for field-aligned (Birkeland) current density at high latitude, are estimated from the along-track spatial derivative of Swarm magnetic field measurements residual to the CHAOS-7 internal field model. The results reveal non-negligible total time derivatives over periods shorter than 2 mins. Auroral Birkeland current densities derived from single-satellite traversals of magnetic field gradients can change dramatically in the time it takes a single satellite to cross a large-scale current system. In one example, during an overflight by the Swarm satellites of the THEMIS Fort Yukon all-sky imager on 1 December 2013, the vertical current density poleward of a visually quiescent auroral arc changes from ∼ 0.3 μ A / m 2 upward to ∼ 1.0 μ A / m 2 downward in 13.7 s (corresponding to an along-track separation of Swarm A and B of 104 km). The variability of Auroral Birkeland currents, between 25 November 2013 and 31 December 2013, as estimated by the median of | d j z / d t | , reaches 15 nA / m 2 / s in the northern dayside auroral zone and exceeds 30 nA / m 2 / s in the pre-noon sector of the southern hemisphere. Graphic Abstract
Publisher:
Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Language:
English
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