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Re-Inventing Infectious Disease: Antibiotic Resistance and Drug Development at the Bayer Company 1945–80

Gradmann, Christoph

Medical history, 2016-04, Vol.60 (2), p.155-180 [Periódico revisado por pares]

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

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  • Título:
    Re-Inventing Infectious Disease: Antibiotic Resistance and Drug Development at the Bayer Company 1945–80
  • Autor: Gradmann, Christoph
  • Assuntos: Anti-Bacterial Agents - history ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents - history ; Anti-Infective Agents - therapeutic use ; Antibiotics ; Bacterial Infections - drug therapy ; Bacterial Infections - history ; Biomedical Research - history ; Clotrimazole - history ; Drug Discovery - history ; Drug Industry - history ; Drug resistance ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Infectious diseases ; Marketing - history ; Mycoses - drug therapy ; Mycoses - history ; Pharmaceutical industry ; Streptomycin - history
  • É parte de: Medical history, 2016-04, Vol.60 (2), p.155-180
  • Notas: ObjectType-Article-1
    SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
    ObjectType-Feature-2
    content type line 23
    This article grew from a presentation on the conference ‘Beyond the Magic Bullet: Reframing the History of Antibiotics’, held in Oslo, March 2011, organised by Flurin Condrau (Zürich) and the author. The meeting was part of the European Science Foundation’s Research Network Program ‘Standard Drugs and Drug Standards’ activities and the paper is deeply influenced by working on that network. Flurin Condrau, Class Kirchhelle (Oxford), Viviane Quirke (Oxford), María Jesús Santesmases (Madrid) and several anonymous reviewers delivered helpful comments to the manuscript. Working on the subject would have been impossible without the generous support that I received in the archive of the Bayer AG, Leverkusen, by Hans-Hermann Pogarell in particular. During revisions, Jean-Paul Gaudillière (Paris) and Ulrike Thoms (Berlin) graciously shared their unpublished work with the author. Viviane Quirke has also helped me to improve the usage of the manuscript.
  • Descrição: This paper analyses how research on antibiotic resistance has been a driving force in the development of new antibiotics. Drug resistance, while being a problem for physicians and patients, offers attractive perspectives for those who research and develop new medicines. It imposes limits on the usability of older medicines and simultaneously modifies pathologies in a way that opens markets for new treatments. Studying resistance can thus be an important part of developing and marketing antibiotics. The chosen example is that of the German pharmaceutical company Bayer. Before World War Two, Bayer had pioneered the development of anti-infective chemotherapy, sulpha drugs in particular, but had missed the boat when it came to fungal antibiotics. Exacerbated by the effects of war, Bayer’s world market presence, which had been considerable prior to the war, had plummeted. In this critical situation, the company opted for a development strategy that tried to capitalise on the problems created by the use of first-generation antibiotics. Part and parcel of this strategy was monitoring what can be called the structural change of infectious disease. In practice, this meant to focus on pathologies resulting from resistance and hospital infections. In addition, Bayer also focused on lifestyle pathologies such as athlete’s foot. This paper will follow drug development and marketing at Bayer from 1945 to about 1980. In this period, Bayer managed to regain some of its previous standing in markets but could not escape from the overall crisis of anti-infective drug development from the 1970s on.
  • Editor: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  • Idioma: Inglês
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  • Realização: ABCD-USP USP   Logos de Redes Sociais: Freepik

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