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Does retirement trigger depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Odone, A. ; Gianfredi, V. ; Vigezzi, G. P. ; Amerio, A. ; Ardito, C. ; d'Errico, A. ; Stuckler, D. ; Costa, G.

Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2021-12, Vol.30, p.e77-e77, Article e77 [Periódico revisado por pares]

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

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  • Título:
    Does retirement trigger depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Autor: Odone, A. ; Gianfredi, V. ; Vigezzi, G. P. ; Amerio, A. ; Ardito, C. ; d'Errico, A. ; Stuckler, D. ; Costa, G.
  • Assuntos: Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression - diagnosis ; Depression - epidemiology ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Mental depression ; Mental disorders ; Mental Health ; Meta-analysis ; Middle Aged ; Original ; Original Article ; Population ; Psychiatry ; Retirement ; Systematic review
  • É parte de: Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2021-12, Vol.30, p.e77-e77, Article e77
  • Notas: ObjectType-Article-2
    SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
    ObjectType-Feature-1
    content type line 23
    ObjectType-Undefined-3
    Italian Working Group on Retirement and Health (in alphabetical order): A Amerio (University of Genoa, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, Genoa, Italy), C Ardito (University of Turin, Department of Economics and Statistics ‘Cognetti De Martiis’, Turin, Italy), G Carioli (University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology ‘G.A. Maccacaro’, Milano, Italy), G Costa (University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Turin, Italy), A d'Errico (Piedmont Region, ASL TO3, Department of Epidemiology, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy), D Fontana (Piedmont Region, ASL TO3, Department of Epidemiology, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy), B Frascella (University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy), G Gaetti (University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy), L Gentile (IRCCS Fondazione San Matteo, Pavia, Italy), V Gianfredi (University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy), R Leombruni (University of Turin, Department of Economics and Statistics ‘Cognetti De Martiis’, Turin, Italy), A Odone (University of Pavia, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Pavia, Italy), F Ricceri (University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Turin, Italy), C Sacerdote (Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy), D Stuckler (Bocconi University, Department of Social and Political Sciences, Milan, Italy), GP Vigezzi (University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy), N Zengarini (Piedmont Region, ASL TO3, Department of Epidemiology, Grugliasco, Turin Italy).
    These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • Descrição: Retirement is a major life transition that may improve or worsen mental health, including depression. Existing studies provide contradictory results. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to quantitatively pool available evidence on the association of retirement and depressive symptoms. We applied PRISMA guidelines to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to retrieve, quantitatively pool and critically evaluate the association between retirement and both incident and prevalent depression and to understand better the potential role of individual and contextual-level determinants. Relevant original studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library, through 4 March 2021. Subgroup and sensitivity meta-analyses were conducted by gender, study design (longitudinal v. cross-sectional studies), study quality score (QS) and considering studies using validated scales to diagnose depression. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated with I2 statistics. Forty-one original studies met our a priori defined inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis on more than half a million subjects (n = 557 111) from 60 datasets suggested a protective effect of retirement on the risk of depression [effect size (ES) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74-0.93], although with high statistical heterogeneity between risk estimates (χ2 = 895.19, df = 59, I2 = 93.41%, p-value < 0.0001). Funnel plot asymmetry and trim and fill method suggested a minor potential publication bias. Results were consistent, confirm their robustness and suggest stronger protective effects when progressively restricting the included studies based on quality criteria: (i) studies with the highest QS [55 datasets, 407 086 subjects, ES = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71-0.91], (ii) studies with a high QS and using validated assessment tools to diagnose depression (44 datasets, 239 453 subjects, ES = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.65-0.88) and (iii) studies of high quality, using a validated tool and with a longitudinal design (24 datasets, 162 004 subjects, ES = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.64-0.90). We observed a progressive reduction in funnel plot asymmetry. About gender, no statistically significant difference was found (females ES = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.61-1.02 v. men ES = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.68-1.11). Pooled data suggested that retirement reduces by nearly 20% the risk of depression; such estimates got stronger when limiting the analysis to longitudinal and high-quality studies, even if results are affected by high heterogeneity.As retirement seems to have an independent and protective effect on mental health and depressive symptoms, greater flexibility in retirement timing should be granted to older workers to reduce their mental burden and avoid the development of severe depression. Retirement may also be identified as a target moment for preventive interventions, particularly primary and secondary prevention, to promote health and wellbeing in older ages, boosting the observed impact.
  • Editor: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  • Idioma: Inglês;Italiano
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