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century of sprawl in the United States

Barrington-Leigh, Christopher ; Adam Millard-Ball

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2015-07, Vol.112 (27), p.8244-8249 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

United States: National Academy of Sciences

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Title:
century of sprawl in the United States
Author: Barrington-Leigh, Christopher ; Adam Millard-Ball
Subjects: American history ; Cities ; City ordinances ; City Planning - legislation & jurisprudence ; City Planning - statistics & numerical data ; City Planning - trends ; climate ; Computer Simulation ; data collection ; Environment Design - legislation & jurisprudence ; Environment Design - statistics & numerical data ; Environment Design - trends ; Forecasting ; Geography ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Impact analysis ; issues and policy ; local government ; Models, Theoretical ; ownership ; policy ; road network ; Roads & highways ; Social Sciences ; Time Factors ; Time series ; time series analysis ; transportation ; Transportation - statistics & numerical data ; United States ; Urban Renewal - legislation & jurisprudence ; Urban Renewal - statistics & numerical data ; Urban Renewal - trends ; urban sprawl ; Urbanization
Is Part Of: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2015-07, Vol.112 (27), p.8244-8249
Notes: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504033112
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
Author contributions: C.B.-L. and A.M.-B. designed research, performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper.
1C.B.-L. and A.M.-B. contributed equally to this work.
Edited by Susan Hanson, Clark University, Worcester, MA, and approved May 6, 2015 (received for review March 2, 2015)
Description: The urban street network is one of the most permanent features of cities. Once laid down, the pattern of streets determines urban form and the level of sprawl for decades to come. We present a high-resolution time series of urban sprawl, as measured through street network connectivity, in the United States from 1920 to 2012. Sprawl started well before private car ownership was dominant and grew steadily until the mid-1990s. Over the last two decades, however, new streets have become significantly more connected and grid-like; the peak in street-network sprawl in the United States occurred in â¼1994. By one measure of connectivity, the mean nodal degree of intersections, sprawl fell by â¼9% between 1994 and 2012. We analyze spatial variation in these changes and demonstrate the persistence of sprawl. Places that were built with a low-connectivity street network tend to stay that way, even as the network expands. We also find suggestive evidence that local government policies impact sprawl, as the largest increases in connectivity have occurred in places with policies to promote gridded streets and similar New Urbanist design principles. We provide for public use a county-level version of our street-network sprawl dataset comprising a time series of nearly 100 y.
Publisher: United States: National Academy of Sciences
Language: English

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century of sprawl in the United States

Barrington-Leigh, Christopher ; Adam Millard-Ball

United States: National Academy of Sciences

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