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The availability of pharmacies in the United States: 2007-2015

Qato, Dima Mazen ; Zenk, Shannon ; Wilder, Jocelyn ; Harrington, Rachel ; Gaskin, Darrell ; Alexander, G Caleb van Wouwe, Jacobus P.

PloS one, 2017-08, Vol.12 (8), p.e0183172-e0183172 [Periódico revisado por pares]

United States: Public Library of Science

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  • Título:
    The availability of pharmacies in the United States: 2007-2015
  • Autor: Qato, Dima Mazen ; Zenk, Shannon ; Wilder, Jocelyn ; Harrington, Rachel ; Gaskin, Darrell ; Alexander, G Caleb
  • van Wouwe, Jacobus P.
  • Assuntos: Analysis ; Availability ; Biology and Life Sciences ; China ; Communities ; Community Pharmacy Services - statistics & numerical data ; Computerized physician order entry ; Data processing ; Delivery services ; Demographics ; Demography ; Epidemiology ; Food ; Health care ; Health care access ; Health care policy ; Health care services accessibility ; Humans ; Independent drug stores ; Local population ; Medicare ; Medication Adherence - statistics & numerical data ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; People and Places ; Pharmacies ; Pharmacists ; Pharmacy ; Prescription Drugs ; Public health ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Retail stores ; Retrospective Studies ; Services ; Social Sciences ; Trends ; United States ; Workforce planning
  • É parte de: PloS one, 2017-08, Vol.12 (8), p.e0183172-e0183172
  • Notas: ObjectType-Article-1
    SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
    ObjectType-Feature-2
    content type line 23
    Competing Interests: Dr. Alexander is Chair of the FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee; serves as a paid consultant to PainNavigator, a mobile startup to improve patients’ pain management; serves as a paid consultant to IMS Health; and serves on an IMS Health scientific advisory board. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
  • Descrição: Despite their increasingly important role in health care delivery, little is known about the availability, and characteristics, of community pharmacies in the United States. (1) To examine trends in the availability of community pharmacies and pharmacy characteristics (24-hour, drive-up, home delivery, e-prescribing, and multilingual staffing) associated with access to prescription medications in the U.S. between 2007 and 2015; and (2) to determine whether and how these patterns varied by pharmacy type (retail chains, independents, mass retailers, food stores, government and clinic-based) and across counties. Retrospective analysis using annual data from the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs. Pharmacy locations were mapped and linked to the several publically-available data to derive information on county-level population demographics, including annual estimates of total population, percent of population that is non-English speaking, percent with an ambulatory disability and percent aged ≥65 years. The key outcomes were availability of pharmacies (total number and per-capita) and pharmacy characteristics overall, by pharmacy type, and across counties. The number of community pharmacies increased by 6.3% from 63,752 (2007) to 67,753 (2015). Retail chain and independent pharmacies persistently accounted for 40% and 35% of all pharmacies, respectively, while the remainder were comprised of mass retailer (12%), food store, (10%), clinic-based (3%) or government (<1%) pharmacies. With the exception of e-prescribing, there was no substantial change in pharmacy characteristics over time. While the number of pharmacies per 10,000 people (2.11) did not change between 2007 and 2015 at the national-level, it varied substantially across counties ranging from 0 to 13.6 per-capita in 2015. We also found that the majority of pharmacies do not offer accommodations that facilitate access to prescription medications, including home-delivery, with considerable variation by pharmacy type and across counties. For example, the provision of home-delivery services ranged from less than <1% of mass retailers to 67% of independent stores and was not associated with county demographics, including ambulatory disability population and percent of the population aged ≥65 years. Despite modest growth of pharmacies in the U.S., the availability of pharmacies, and pharmacy characteristics associated with access to prescription medications, vary substantially across local areas. Policy efforts aimed at improving access to prescription medications should ensure the availability of pharmacies and their accommodations align with local population needs.
  • Editor: United States: Public Library of Science
  • Idioma: Inglês
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  • Realização: ABCD-USP USP   Logos de Redes Sociais: Freepik

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