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Toxicological Properties of Citrinin

Flajs, Dubravka (Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia) ; Peraica, Maja (Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia)

Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 2009-12, Vol.60 (4), p.457-464 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

Croatia: Versita

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  • Title:
    Toxicological Properties of Citrinin
  • Author: Flajs, Dubravka (Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia) ; Peraica, Maja (Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia)
  • Subjects: Animals ; Aspergillus ; Carcinogens - toxicity ; Citrinin - analysis ; Citrinin - toxicity ; Food Contamination - analysis ; Humans ; Kidney - drug effects ; mikotoksin ; Monascus ; Mutagens - toxicity ; mycotoxin ; nefrotoksi _nost ; nephrotoxicity ; oksidacijski stres ; organic anion ; organski anion ; oxidative stress ; Penicillium ; Teratogens - toxicity
  • Is Part Of: Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 2009-12, Vol.60 (4), p.457-464
  • Notes: http://versita.metapress.com/content/W0216M5G8H638754/fulltext.pdf
    10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1992
    120455
    ObjectType-Article-1
    SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
    ObjectType-Feature-2
    content type line 23
  • Description: Citrinin (CTN) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus. It contaminates various commodities of plant origin, cereals in particular, and is usually found together with another nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA). These two mycotoxins are believed to be involved in the aetiology of endemic nephropathy. In addition to nephrotoxicity, CTN is also embryocidal and fetotoxic. The genotoxic properties of CTN have been demonstrated with the micronuleus test (MN), but not with single-cell gel electrophoresis. The mechanism of CTN toxicity is not fully understood, especially not whether CTN toxicity and genotoxicity are the consequence of oxidative stress or of increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes. CTN requires complex cellular biotransformation to exert mutagenicity.Compared with other mycotoxins, CTN contamination of food and feed is rather scarce. However, it is reasonable to believe that humans are much more frequently exposed to CTN than generally accepted, because it is produced by the same moulds as OTA, which is a common contaminant of human food all over the world.At present, there are no specific regulations either in Croatia or in the European Union concerning CTN in any kind of commodity. Citrinin (CTN) nefrotoksi _an je mikotoksin koji proizvode razli _iti sojevi plijesni iz rodova Penicillium, Aspergillus i Monascus. CTN se može naći u razli _itim namirnicama biljnog podrijetla, osobito u žitaricama i obi _no se nalazi zajedno s drugim nefrotoksi _nim mikotoksinom, okratoksinom A (OTA). Pretpostavlja se da je izloženost ovim mikotoksinima povezana s nastankom endemske nefropatije. Osim što je nefrotoksi _an, CTN je još i embricidan i fetotoksi _an. Na genotoksi _nost citrinina upućuje pozitivan mikronukleusni test na razli _itim vrstama stani _nih kultura, iako je kometski test negativan. Mutagenost CTN-a o _ituje se na razli _itim vrstama stanica samo ako se pridodaju stani _ni aktivatori kao npr. S9-mix. Mehanizam toksi _nosti CTN-a nije potpuno razjašnjen pa još uvijek traje znanstvena rasprava je li njegova toksi _nost i genotoksi _nost posljedica oksidacijskog stresa ili povećane permeabilnosti mitohondrijskih membrana. U dostupnoj literaturi podaci o kontaminiranosti hrane i krmiva ovim mikotoksinom mnogo su rjeđi od onih za druge mikotoksine. Može se pretpostaviti da su ljudi _esto izloženi ovom mikotoksinu zato što ga proizvode iste plijesni koje proizvode i OTA, a one kontaminiraju hranu po cijelom svijetu.U Hrvatskoj i u zemljama Europske Unije ne postoje zakonske odredbe o dopuštenim granicama CTN-a u bilo kojoj vrsti hrane.
  • Publisher: Croatia: Versita
  • Language: English;Croatian
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